|
|
| PMID |
|
|
| TITLE |
|
| Genetic and Environmental Effects on BMI Fluctuation Across the Adult Life Course and Its Associations With Baseline BMI and BMI Change: An Individual-Based Study of 14 Longitudinal Twin Cohorts. |
|
| ABSTRACT |
|
| INTRODUCTION |
NlmCategory: BACKGROUND |
| Body mass index (BMI) fluctuation has adverse health consequences, yet its determinants remain poorly understood. We examined genetic and environmental influences on BMI fluctuation and its associations with BMI trajectories. |
| DATA AND METHODS |
NlmCategory: METHODS |
| Body mass index (BMI) fluctuation has adverse health consequences, yet its determinants remain poorly understood. We examined genetic and environmental influences on BMI fluctuation and its associations with BMI trajectories. Data from 14 longitudinal twin cohorts, including 58 311 individuals (54% women) and 22 714 complete twin pairs (9761 monozygotic), were pooled. BMI trajectories from ages 18 to 99 years were estimated using linear mixed-effects models. BMI fluctuation was defined as the average squared residual between observed and expected BMI around individual trajectories. Genetic and environmental contributions to BMI fluctuation and its associations with baseline BMI and BMI change were assessed using structural equation modelling. |
| RESULTS |
NlmCategory: RESULTS |
| Body mass index (BMI) fluctuation has adverse health consequences, yet its determinants remain poorly understood. We examined genetic and environmental influences on BMI fluctuation and its associations with BMI trajectories. Data from 14 longitudinal twin cohorts, including 58 311 individuals (54% women) and 22 714 complete twin pairs (9761 monozygotic), were pooled. BMI trajectories from ages 18 to 99 years were estimated using linear mixed-effects models. BMI fluctuation was defined as the average squared residual between observed and expected BMI around individual trajectories. Genetic and environmental contributions to BMI fluctuation and its associations with baseline BMI and BMI change were assessed using structural equation modelling. Additive genetic effects explained a moderate proportion of variance in BMI fluctuation (a = 0.20 in men, 0.29 in women), with the remainder attributable to unique environmental effects (e = 0.80 and 0.71). No evidence of sex-specific genetic effects was found. Genetic contributions varied across life stages, peaking in men at ages 31-50 (a = 0.36) and in women at 51-65 (a = 0.36). Higher baseline BMI was associated with greater fluctuation, whereas greater directional BMI change was associated with less fluctuation. Higher BMI at ages 18-30 was associated with greater subsequent BMI fluctuation across later adulthood stages. Previous associations were driven by both genetic and unique environmental factors. |
| CONCLUSIONS |
NlmCategory: CONCLUSIONS |
| Body mass index (BMI) fluctuation has adverse health consequences, yet its determinants remain poorly understood. We examined genetic and environmental influences on BMI fluctuation and its associations with BMI trajectories. Data from 14 longitudinal twin cohorts, including 58 311 individuals (54% women) and 22 714 complete twin pairs (9761 monozygotic), were pooled. BMI trajectories from ages 18 to 99 years were estimated using linear mixed-effects models. BMI fluctuation was defined as the average squared residual between observed and expected BMI around individual trajectories. Genetic and environmental contributions to BMI fluctuation and its associations with baseline BMI and BMI change were assessed using structural equation modelling. Additive genetic effects explained a moderate proportion of variance in BMI fluctuation (a = 0.20 in men, 0.29 in women), with the remainder attributable to unique environmental effects (e = 0.80 and 0.71). No evidence of sex-specific genetic effects was found. Genetic contributions varied across life stages, peaking in men at ages 31-50 (a = 0.36) and in women at 51-65 (a = 0.36). Higher baseline BMI was associated with greater fluctuation, whereas greater directional BMI change was associated with less fluctuation. Higher BMI at ages 18-30 was associated with greater subsequent BMI fluctuation across later adulthood stages. Previous associations were driven by both genetic and unique environmental factors. BMI fluctuation was predominantly explained by unique environmental effects, with moderate heritability that varied across life stages with no evidence of sex-specific genetic effects. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to how BMI fluctuation is associated with BMI change. |
| © 2026 The Author(s). Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. |
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| DATE PUBLISHED |
|
|
| HISTORY |
|
| PUBSTATUS |
PUBSTATUSDATE |
| revised |
2026/05/29 |
| received |
2026/04/02 |
| accepted |
2026/06/16 |
| medline |
2026/08/07 12:39 |
| pubmed |
2026/06/26 06:39 |
| entrez |
2026/06/26 00:52 |
| pmc-release |
2026/08/07 |
|
| AUTHORS |
|
| NAME |
COLLECTIVENAME |
LASTNAME |
FORENAME |
INITIALS |
AFFILIATION |
AFFILIATIONINFO |
| Obeso Fernandez A |
|
Obeso Fernandez |
Alvaro |
A |
|
Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain. |
| Eriksson A |
|
Eriksson |
Anders |
A |
|
cGEM, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. |
| Drouard G |
|
Drouard |
Gabin |
G |
|
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. |
| Jelenkovic A |
|
Jelenkovic |
Aline |
A |
|
Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain. |
| Aaltonen S |
|
Aaltonen |
Sari |
S |
|
Clinicum, Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. |
| Ollikainen M |
|
Ollikainen |
Miina |
M |
|
Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland. |
| Spector T |
|
Spector |
Timothy |
T |
|
Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College, London, UK. |
| Mangino M |
|
Mangino |
Massimo |
M |
|
Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College, London, UK. |
| Christensen K |
|
Christensen |
Kaare |
K |
|
The Danish Twin Registry, Institute of Public Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Biodemography, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. |
| Skytthe A |
|
Skytthe |
Axel |
A |
|
The Danish Twin Registry, Institute of Public Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Biodemography, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. |
| Kyvik KO |
|
Kyvik |
Kirsten O |
KO |
|
Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. |
| Medda E |
|
Medda |
Emanuela |
E |
|
Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. |
| Fagnani C |
|
Fagnani |
Corrado |
C |
|
Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. |
| Corley RP |
|
Corley |
Robin P |
RP |
|
Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA. |
| Huibregtse BM |
|
Huibregtse |
Brooke M |
BM |
|
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA. |
| Toccaceli V |
|
Toccaceli |
Virgilia |
V |
|
Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. |
| Rasmussen FE |
|
Rasmussen |
Finn E |
FE |
|
Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. |
| Tynelius P |
|
Tynelius |
Per |
P |
|
Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. |
| Medland SE |
|
Medland |
Sarah E |
SE |
|
QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. |
| Gordon SD |
|
Gordon |
Scott D |
SD |
|
QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. |
| Duncan GE |
|
Duncan |
Glen E |
GE |
|
Washington State Twin Registry, Washington State University-Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, Washington, USA. |
| Buchwald D |
|
Buchwald |
Dedra |
D |
|
Washington State Twin Registry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. |
| Magnusson PKE |
|
Magnusson |
Patrik K E |
PKE |
|
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. |
| Karlsson IK |
|
Karlsson |
Ida K |
IK |
|
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. |
| Dahl Aslan AK |
|
Dahl Aslan |
Anna K |
AK |
|
School of Health Sciences, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden. |
| Bartels M |
|
Bartels |
Meike |
M |
|
Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. |
| Ligthart L |
|
Ligthart |
Lannie |
L |
|
Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. |
| de Geus EJC |
|
de Geus |
Eco J C |
EJC |
|
Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. |
| Gatz M |
|
Gatz |
Margaret |
M |
|
Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. |
| Butler DA |
|
Butler |
David A |
DA |
|
Health and Medicine Division, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC, USA. |
| Pyun H |
|
Pyun |
Hyojin |
H |
|
Department of Epidemiology, Seoul National University School of Public Health, Seoul, Korea. |
| Kim J |
|
Kim |
Jeeeun |
J |
|
Institute of Health & Environmental, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. |
| Lee SJ |
|
Lee |
Soo Ji |
SJ |
|
Institute of Health & Environmental, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. |
| Sung J |
|
Sung |
Joohon |
J |
|
Institute of Health & Environmental, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. |
| Bruins S |
|
Bruins |
Susanne |
S |
|
Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. |
| Pool R |
|
Pool |
René |
R |
|
Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. |
| Martin NG |
|
Martin |
Nicholas G |
NG |
|
QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. |
| Boomsma DI |
|
Boomsma |
Dorret I |
DI |
|
Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands. |
| Kaprio J |
|
Kaprio |
Jaakko |
J |
|
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. |
| Silventoinen K |
|
Silventoinen |
Karri |
K |
|
Helsinki Institute for Demography and Population Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. |
|
| INVESTIGATORS |
|
|
| JOURNAL |
|
| VOLUME: 28 |
| ISSUE: 9 |
| TITLE: Diabetes, obesity & metabolism |
| ISOABBREVIATION: Diabetes Obes Metab |
| YEAR: 2026 |
| MONTH: Sep |
| DAY: |
| MEDLINEDATE: |
| SEASON: |
| CITEDMEDIUM: Internet |
| ISSN: 1463-1326 |
| ISSNTYPE: Electronic |
|
| MEDLINE JOURNAL |
|
| MEDLINETA: Diabetes Obes Metab |
| COUNTRY: England |
| ISSNLINKING: 1462-8902 |
| NLMUNIQUEID: 100883645 |
|
| PUBLICATION TYPE |
|
| PUBLICATIONTYPE TEXT |
| Journal Article |
| Twin Study |
|
| COMMENTS AND CORRECTIONS |
|
|
| GRANTS |
|
| GRANTID |
AGENCY |
COUNTRY |
|
Chronic Disease Research Foundation |
|
|
Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology |
|
|
Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) |
|
| 912-10-020 |
MagW/ZonMW |
|
| 400-05-717 |
MagW/ZonMW |
|
| 451-04-034 |
MagW/ZonMW |
|
| 463-06-001 |
MagW/ZonMW |
|
| 480-04-004 |
MagW/ZonMW |
|
| 904-61-090 |
MagW/ZonMW |
|
| 904-61-193 |
MagW/ZonMW |
|
| 985-10-002 |
MagW/ZonMW |
|
| Addiction-31160008 |
MagW/ZonMW |
|
| Middelgroot-911-09-032 |
MagW/ZonMW |
|
| Spinozapremie 56-464-14192 |
MagW/ZonMW |
|
| R21 AG039572 |
CLC NIH HHS |
United States |
|
National Institute for Health and Care Research |
|
| EMGO+ |
VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research |
|
|
NIHR Clinical Research Network North West London |
|
| 100499 |
Terveyden Tutkimuksen Toimikunta |
|
| 118555 |
Terveyden Tutkimuksen Toimikunta |
|
| 141054 |
Terveyden Tutkimuksen Toimikunta |
|
| 205585 |
Terveyden Tutkimuksen Toimikunta |
|
| 264146 |
Terveyden Tutkimuksen Toimikunta |
|
| 308248 |
Terveyden Tutkimuksen Toimikunta |
|
|
Avera Institute for Human Genetics |
|
|
Danish Agency for Science and Higher Education |
|
|
Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health |
|
|
Velux Fonden |
|
| 101080117 |
Horizon Europe Research and Innovation programme |
|
|
Zoe Ltd |
|
|
Research Council for Health and Disease |
|
| 352792 |
Research council of Finland Centre of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics |
|
|
European Union Horizon 2020 |
|
| 1079102 |
Centre of Research Excellence Grant |
|
| RC2 HL103416 |
NHLBI NIH HHS |
United States |
|
Wellcome Leap Dynamic Resilience Programme |
|
| P01 AG08761 |
National Institute of Health US |
|
|
NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London |
|
| 2017-00641 |
Forskningsrådet om Hälsa, Arbetsliv och Välfärd |
|
| AA-00145 |
NIAAA NIH HHS |
United States |
| AA-09203 |
NIAAA NIH HHS |
United States |
| AA-12502 |
NIAAA NIH HHS |
United States |
| AA015416 |
NIAAA NIH HHS |
United States |
| AA15416 |
NIAAA NIH HHS |
United States |
| 10093560 |
UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) |
|
| 10106435 |
UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) |
|
| NRF 2011-220-E00006 |
Global Research Network Program of the National Research Foundation |
|
| R21 AG039572 |
CLC NIH HHS |
United States |
|
Wellcome Trust |
United Kingdom |
| ERC 230374 |
European Research Council |
International |
|
Versus Arthritis |
United Kingdom |
| RC2 HL103416 |
NHLBI NIH HHS |
United States |
|
| GENERAL NOTE |
|
|
| KEYWORDS |
|
| KEYWORD |
| body composition |
| cohort study |
| meta-analysis |
| observational study |
|
| MESH HEADINGS |
|
| DESCRIPTORNAME |
QUALIFIERNAME |
| Humans |
|
| Male |
|
| Body Mass Index |
|
| Female |
|
| Adult |
|
| Middle Aged |
|
| Aged |
|
| Longitudinal Studies |
|
| Adolescent |
|
| Young Adult |
|
| Gene-Environment Interaction |
|
| Aged, 80 and over |
|
| Twins, Monozygotic |
genetics |
| Obesity |
epidemiology |
| Aging |
genetics |
|
| SUPPLEMENTARY MESH |
|
|
| GENE SYMBOLS |
|
|
| CHEMICALS |
|
|
| OTHER ID's |
|
|
|
