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| PMID |
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| TITLE |
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| Dyslexia Polygenic Index and Socio-Economic Status Interaction Effects on Reading Skills in Australia and the United Kingdom. |
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| ABSTRACT |
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| Literacy is a significant predictor of important life outcomes, such as attained education and income (Ritchie and Bates in Psychol Sci 24(7):1301-1308, 2013. 10.1177/0956797612466268) yet difficulties in reading and spelling are common. Both genetic and environmental factors account for individual differences in reading and spelling abilities (Little et al. in Behav Genet 47:52-76, 2017. 10.1007/s10519-016-9810-6), but there is some evidence that genetic factors can be moderated by environmental factors, many of which relate to differences in socio-economic status (SES). Studies in the US indicate that the heritability of reading and spelling abilities is higher in higher SES environments (Hart et al. in J Child Psychol Psychiatry 54(10):1047-1055, 2013. 10.1111/jcpp.12083; Friend et al. in Psychol Sci 19(11), 2008. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02213.x). Because countries differ in terms of factors such as education access and social mobility, the genetics (or simply gene) x SES interaction may or may not be present in other populations. Here, we utilise summary statistics from a well-powered genome-wide association study on dyslexia (Doust et al. in Nat Genet 54:1621-1629, 2022. 10.1038/s41588-022-01192-y) to construct polygenic indices in two cohorts of children/adolescents in Australia (N = 1315) and the United Kingdom (N = 5461 at age 7; N = 4306 at age 16), and test whether the effect of measured genes on variation in reading ability is moderated by family SES. While polygenic indices and SES both showed statistically significant effects on reading and spelling performance, no interaction effect was found. These results are contrary to results of some twin studies in the United States that have found an interaction effect. Yet, these findings support the broader literature on gene x SES interaction that mostly report no such interaction in other cognitive traits outside the United States suggesting country differences in how strongly SES relates to education quality. |
| © 2025. The Author(s). |
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| DATE PUBLISHED |
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| HISTORY |
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| PUBSTATUS |
PUBSTATUSDATE |
| received |
2025/03/17 |
| accepted |
2025/08/07 |
| medline |
2025/10/03 12:34 |
| pubmed |
2025/09/24 13:00 |
| entrez |
2025/09/24 11:20 |
| pmc-release |
2025/09/24 |
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| AUTHORS |
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| NAME |
COLLECTIVENAME |
LASTNAME |
FORENAME |
INITIALS |
AFFILIATION |
AFFILIATIONINFO |
| Bicona D |
|
Bicona |
Diana |
D |
|
Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. |
| Mountford HS |
|
Mountford |
Hayley S |
HS |
|
Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. |
| Bridges EC |
|
Bridges |
Elinor C |
EC |
|
Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. |
| Fontanillas P |
|
Fontanillas |
Pierre |
P |
|
23andMe, Inc, Sunnyvale, CA, USA. |
| Martin NG |
|
Martin |
Nicholas G |
NG |
|
Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, Australia. |
| Fisher SE |
|
Fisher |
Simon E |
SE |
|
Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands. |
| Bates TC |
|
Bates |
Timothy C |
TC |
|
Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. |
| Luciano M |
|
Luciano |
Michelle |
M |
|
Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. michelle.luciano@ed.ac.uk. |
|
23andMe Research Team |
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| INVESTIGATORS |
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| LASTNAME |
FORENAME |
INITIALS |
AFFILIATION |
| Agee |
Michelle |
M |
|
| Aslibekyan |
Stella |
S |
|
| Auton |
Adam |
A |
|
| Babalola |
Elizabeth |
E |
|
| Bell |
Robert K |
RK |
|
| Bielenberg |
Jessica |
J |
|
| Bryc |
Katarzyna |
K |
|
| Bullis |
Emily |
E |
|
| Cameron |
Briana |
B |
|
| Coker |
Daniella |
D |
|
| Partida |
Gabriel Cuellar |
GC |
|
| Dhamija |
Devika |
D |
|
| Das |
Sayantan |
S |
|
| Elson |
Sarah L |
SL |
|
| Filshtein |
Teresa |
T |
|
| Fletez-Brant |
Kipper |
K |
|
| Freyman |
Will |
W |
|
| Gandhi |
Pooja M |
PM |
|
| Heilbron |
Karl |
K |
|
| Hicks |
Barry |
B |
|
| Hinds |
David A |
DA |
|
| Huber |
Karen E |
KE |
|
| Jewett |
Ethan M |
EM |
|
| Jiang |
Yunxuan |
Y |
|
| Kleinman |
Aaron |
A |
|
| Kukar |
Katelyn |
K |
|
| Lane |
Vanessa |
V |
|
| Lin |
Keng-Han |
KH |
|
| Lowe |
Maya |
M |
|
| Luff |
Marie K |
MK |
|
| McCreight |
Jey C |
JC |
|
| McIntyre |
Matthew H |
MH |
|
| McManus |
Kimberly F |
KF |
|
| Micheletti |
Steven J |
SJ |
|
| Moreno |
Meghan E |
ME |
|
| Mountain |
Joanna L |
JL |
|
| Mozaffari |
Sahar V |
SV |
|
| Nandakumar |
Priyanka |
P |
|
| Noblin |
Elizabeth S |
ES |
|
| O'Connell |
Jared |
J |
|
| Petrakovitz |
Aaron A |
AA |
|
| Poznik |
G David |
GD |
|
| Schumacher |
Morgan |
M |
|
| Shastri |
Anjali J |
AJ |
|
| Shelton |
Janie F |
JF |
|
| Shi |
Jingchunzi |
J |
|
| Shringarpure |
Suyash |
S |
|
| Tian |
Chao |
C |
|
| Tran |
Vinh |
V |
|
| Tung |
Joyce Y |
JY |
|
| Wang |
Xin |
X |
|
| Wang |
Wei |
W |
|
| Weldon |
Catherine H |
CH |
|
| Wilton |
Peter |
P |
|
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| JOURNAL |
|
| VOLUME: 55 |
| ISSUE: 5 |
| TITLE: Behavior genetics |
| ISOABBREVIATION: Behav Genet |
| YEAR: 2025 |
| MONTH: Sep |
| DAY: |
| MEDLINEDATE: |
| SEASON: |
| CITEDMEDIUM: Internet |
| ISSN: 1573-3297 |
| ISSNTYPE: Electronic |
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| MEDLINE JOURNAL |
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| MEDLINETA: Behav Genet |
| COUNTRY: United States |
| ISSNLINKING: 0001-8244 |
| NLMUNIQUEID: 0251711 |
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| PUBLICATION TYPE |
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| PUBLICATIONTYPE TEXT |
| Journal Article |
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| COMMENTS AND CORRECTIONS |
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| GRANTS |
|
| GRANTID |
AGENCY |
COUNTRY |
| BB/T000813/1 |
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council |
United Kingdom |
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| GENERAL NOTE |
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| KEYWORDS |
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| KEYWORD |
| Gene x environment interaction |
| Polygenic index |
| Reading |
| School |
| Socio-economic status |
| Spelling |
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| MESH HEADINGS |
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| DESCRIPTORNAME |
QUALIFIERNAME |
| Humans |
|
| Australia |
|
| United Kingdom |
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| Multifactorial Inheritance |
genetics |
| Reading |
genetics |
| Male |
genetics |
| Dyslexia |
genetics |
| Female |
genetics |
| Social Class |
genetics |
| Child |
genetics |
| Gene-Environment Interaction |
genetics |
| Genome-Wide Association Study |
genetics |
| Adolescent |
genetics |
| Educational Status |
genetics |
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| SUPPLEMENTARY MESH |
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| GENE SYMBOLS |
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| CHEMICALS |
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| OTHER ID's |
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