|
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| PMID |
|
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| TITLE |
|
| Polygenic prediction of educational attainment within and between families from genome-wide association analyses in 3 million individuals. |
|
| ABSTRACT |
|
|
|
| We conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment (EA) in a sample of ~3 million individuals and identify 3,952 approximately uncorrelated genome-wide-significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A genome-wide polygenic predictor, or polygenic index (PGI), explains 12-16% of EA variance and contributes to risk prediction for ten diseases. Direct effects (i.e., controlling for parental PGIs) explain roughly half the PGI's magnitude of association with EA and other phenotypes. The correlation between mate-pair PGIs is far too large to be consistent with phenotypic assortment alone, implying additional assortment on PGI-associated factors. In an additional GWAS of dominance deviations from the additive model, we identify no genome-wide-significant SNPs, and a separate X-chromosome additive GWAS identifies 57. |
| © 2022. The Author(s). |
|
| DATE PUBLISHED |
|
|
| HISTORY |
|
| PUBSTATUS |
PUBSTATUSDATE |
| received |
2021/05/14 |
| accepted |
2022/01/20 |
| entrez |
2022/04/01 05:36 |
| pubmed |
2022/04/02 06:00 |
| medline |
2022/04/02 06:00 |
|
| AUTHORS |
|
| NAME |
COLLECTIVENAME |
LASTNAME |
FORENAME |
INITIALS |
AFFILIATION |
AFFILIATIONINFO |
| Okbay A |
|
Okbay |
Aysu |
A |
|
Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. daniel.benjamin@gmail.com. |
| Wu Y |
|
Wu |
Yeda |
Y |
|
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. |
| Wang N |
|
Wang |
Nancy |
N |
|
National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA. |
| Jayashankar H |
|
Jayashankar |
Hariharan |
H |
|
National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA. |
| Bennett M |
|
Bennett |
Michael |
M |
|
National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA. |
| Nehzati SM |
|
Nehzati |
Seyed Moeen |
SM |
|
UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA. |
| Sidorenko J |
|
Sidorenko |
Julia |
J |
|
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. |
| Kweon H |
|
Kweon |
Hyeokmoon |
H |
|
Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. |
| Goldman G |
|
Goldman |
Grant |
G |
|
National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA. |
| Gjorgjieva T |
|
Gjorgjieva |
Tamara |
T |
|
National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA. |
| Jiang Y |
|
Jiang |
Yunxuan |
Y |
|
23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA. |
| Hicks B |
|
Hicks |
Barry |
B |
|
23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA. |
| Tian C |
|
Tian |
Chao |
C |
|
23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA. |
| Hinds DA |
|
Hinds |
David A |
DA |
|
23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA. |
| Ahlskog R |
|
Ahlskog |
Rafael |
R |
|
Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. |
| Magnusson PKE |
|
Magnusson |
Patrik K E |
PKE |
|
Swedish Twin Registry, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. |
| Oskarsson S |
|
Oskarsson |
Sven |
S |
|
Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. |
| Hayward C |
|
Hayward |
Caroline |
C |
|
MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK. |
| Campbell A |
|
Campbell |
Archie |
A |
|
Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. |
| Porteous DJ |
|
Porteous |
David J |
DJ |
|
Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. |
| Freese J |
|
Freese |
Jeremy |
J |
|
Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. |
| Herd P |
|
Herd |
Pamela |
P |
|
McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. |
|
23andMe Research Team |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Social Science Genetic Association Consortium |
|
|
|
|
|
| Watson C |
|
Watson |
Chelsea |
C |
|
UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA. |
| Jala J |
|
Jala |
Jonathan |
J |
|
UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA. |
| Conley D |
|
Conley |
Dalton |
D |
|
Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA. |
| Koellinger PD |
|
Koellinger |
Philipp D |
PD |
|
Robert M. La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. |
| Johannesson M |
|
Johannesson |
Magnus |
M |
|
Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden. |
| Laibson D |
|
Laibson |
David |
D |
|
Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. |
| Meyer MN |
|
Meyer |
Michelle N |
MN |
|
Center for Translational Bioethics and Health Care Policy, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA. |
| Lee JJ |
|
Lee |
James J |
JJ |
|
Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA. |
| Kong A |
|
Kong |
Augustine |
A |
|
Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. |
| Yengo L |
|
Yengo |
Loic |
L |
|
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. |
| Cesarini D |
|
Cesarini |
David |
D |
|
Center for Experimental Social Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA. |
| Turley P |
|
Turley |
Patrick |
P |
|
Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. |
| Visscher PM |
|
Visscher |
Peter M |
PM |
|
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. a.okbay@vu.nl. |
| Beauchamp JP |
|
Beauchamp |
Jonathan P |
JP |
|
Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science and Department of Economics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA. |
| Benjamin DJ |
|
Benjamin |
Daniel J |
DJ |
|
Human Genetics Department, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. peter.visscher@uq.edu.au. |
| Young AI |
|
Young |
Alexander I |
AI |
|
Human Genetics Department, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. alextisyoung@gmail.com. |
|
| INVESTIGATORS |
|
| LASTNAME |
FORENAME |
INITIALS |
AFFILIATION |
| Agee |
Michelle |
M |
|
| Alipanahi |
Babak |
B |
|
| Auton |
Adam |
A |
|
| Bell |
Robert K |
RK |
|
| Bryc |
Katarzyna |
K |
|
| Elson |
Sarah L |
SL |
|
| Fontanillas |
Pierre |
P |
|
| Furlotte |
Nicholas A |
NA |
|
| Hinds |
David A |
DA |
|
| Huber |
Karen E |
KE |
|
| Kleinman |
Aaron |
A |
|
| Litterman |
Nadia K |
NK |
|
| McCreight |
Jennifer C |
JC |
|
| McIntyre |
Matthew H |
MH |
|
| Mountain |
Joanna L |
JL |
|
| Northover |
Carrie A M |
CAM |
|
| Pitts |
Steven J |
SJ |
|
| Sathirapongsasuti |
J Fah |
JF |
|
| Sazonova |
Olga V |
OV |
|
| Shelton |
Janie F |
JF |
|
| Shringarpure |
Suyash |
S |
|
| Tung |
Joyce Y |
JY |
|
| Vacic |
Vladimir |
V |
|
| Wilson |
Catherine H |
CH |
|
| Fontana |
Mark Alan |
MA |
|
| Pers |
Tune H |
TH |
|
| Rietveld |
Cornelius A |
CA |
|
| Chen |
Guo-Bo |
GB |
|
| Emilsson |
Valur |
V |
|
| Meddens |
S Fleur W |
SFW |
|
| Pickrell |
Joseph K |
JK |
|
| Thom |
Kevin |
K |
|
| Timshel |
Pascal |
P |
|
| de Vlaming |
Ronald |
R |
|
| Abdellaoui |
Abdel |
A |
|
| Ahluwalia |
Tarunveer S |
TS |
|
| Bacelis |
Jonas |
J |
|
| Baumbach |
Clemens |
C |
|
| Bjornsdottir |
Gyda |
G |
|
| Brandsma |
Johannes H |
JH |
|
| Concas |
Maria Pina |
MP |
|
| Derringer |
Jaime |
J |
|
| Galesloot |
Tessel E |
TE |
|
| Girotto |
Giorgia |
G |
|
| Gupta |
Richa |
R |
|
| Hall |
Leanne M |
LM |
|
| Harris |
Sarah E |
SE |
|
| Hofer |
Edith |
E |
|
| Horikoshi |
Momoko |
M |
|
| Huffman |
Jennifer E |
JE |
|
| Kaasik |
Kadri |
K |
|
| Kalafati |
Ioanna P |
IP |
|
| Karlsson |
Robert |
R |
|
| Lahti |
Jari |
J |
|
| van der Lee |
Sven J |
SJ |
|
| de Leeuw |
Christiaan |
C |
|
| Lind |
Penelope A |
PA |
|
| Lindgren |
Karl-Oskar |
KO |
|
| Liu |
Tian |
T |
|
| Mangino |
Massimo |
M |
|
| Marten |
Jonathan |
J |
|
| Mihailov |
Evelin |
E |
|
| Miller |
Michael B |
MB |
|
| van der Most |
Peter J |
PJ |
|
| Oldmeadow |
Christopher |
C |
|
| Payton |
Antony |
A |
|
| Pervjakova |
Natalia |
N |
|
| Peyrot |
Wouter J |
WJ |
|
| Qian |
Yong |
Y |
|
| Raitakari |
Olli |
O |
|
| Rueedi |
Rico |
R |
|
| Salvi |
Erika |
E |
|
| Schmidt |
Börge |
B |
|
| Schraut |
Katharina E |
KE |
|
| Shi |
Jianxin |
J |
|
| Smith |
Albert V |
AV |
|
| Poot |
Raymond A |
RA |
|
| Pourcain |
Beate St |
BS |
|
| Teumer |
Alexander |
A |
|
| Thorleifsson |
Gudmar |
G |
|
| Verweij |
Niek |
N |
|
| Vuckovic |
Dragana |
D |
|
| Wellmann |
Juergen |
J |
|
| Westra |
Harm-Jan |
HJ |
|
| Yang |
Jingyun |
J |
|
| Zhao |
Wei |
W |
|
| Zhu |
Zhihong |
Z |
|
| Alizadeh |
Behrooz Z |
BZ |
|
| Amin |
Najaf |
N |
|
| Bakshi |
Andrew |
A |
|
| Baumeister |
Sebastian E |
SE |
|
| Biino |
Ginevra |
G |
|
| Bønnelykke |
Klaus |
K |
|
| Boyle |
Patricia A |
PA |
|
| Campbell |
Harry |
H |
|
| Cappuccio |
Francesco P |
FP |
|
| Davies |
Gail |
G |
|
| De Neve |
Jan-Emmanuel |
JE |
|
| Deloukas |
Panos |
P |
|
| Demuth |
Ilja |
I |
|
| Ding |
Jun |
J |
|
| Eibich |
Peter |
P |
|
| Eisele |
Lewin |
L |
|
| Eklund |
Niina |
N |
|
| Evans |
David M |
DM |
|
| Faul |
Jessica D |
JD |
|
| Feitosa |
Mary F |
MF |
|
| Forstner |
Andreas J |
AJ |
|
| Gandin |
Ilaria |
I |
|
| Gunnarsson |
Bjarni |
B |
|
| Halldórsson |
Bjarni V |
BV |
|
| Harris |
Tamara B |
TB |
|
| Heath |
Andrew C |
AC |
|
| Hocking |
Lynne J |
LJ |
|
| Holliday |
Elizabeth G |
EG |
|
| Homuth |
Georg |
G |
|
| Horan |
Michael A |
MA |
|
| Hottenga |
Jouke-Jan |
JJ |
|
| de Jager |
Philip L |
PL |
|
| Joshi |
Peter K |
PK |
|
| Jugessur |
Astanand |
A |
|
| Kaakinen |
Marika A |
MA |
|
| Kähönen |
Mika |
M |
|
| Kanoni |
Stavroula |
S |
|
| Keltigangas-Järvinen |
Liisa |
L |
|
| Kiemeney |
Lambertus A L M |
LALM |
|
| Kolcic |
Ivana |
I |
|
| Koskinen |
Seppo |
S |
|
| Kraja |
Aldi T |
AT |
|
| Kroh |
Martin |
M |
|
| Kutalik |
Zoltan |
Z |
|
| Latvala |
Antti |
A |
|
| Launer |
Lenore J |
LJ |
|
| Lebreton |
Maël P |
MP |
|
| Levinson |
Douglas F |
DF |
|
| Lichtenstein |
Paul |
P |
|
| Lichtner |
Peter |
P |
|
| Liewald |
David C M |
DCM |
|
| Loukola |
Anu |
A |
|
| Madden |
Pamela A |
PA |
|
| Mägi |
Reedik |
R |
|
| Mäki-Opas |
Tomi |
T |
|
| Marioni |
Riccardo E |
RE |
|
| Marques-Vidal |
Pedro |
P |
|
| Meddens |
Gerardus A |
GA |
|
| McMahon |
George |
G |
|
| Meisinger |
Christa |
C |
|
| Meitinger |
Thomas |
T |
|
| Milaneschi |
Yusplitri |
Y |
|
| Milani |
Lili |
L |
|
| Montgomery |
Grant W |
GW |
|
| Myhre |
Ronny |
R |
|
| Nelson |
Christopher P |
CP |
|
| Nyholt |
Dale R |
DR |
|
| Ollier |
William E R |
WER |
|
| Palotie |
Aarno |
A |
|
| Paternoster |
Lavinia |
L |
|
| Pedersen |
Nancy L |
NL |
|
| Petrovic |
Katja E |
KE |
|
| Räikkönen |
Katri |
K |
|
| Ring |
Susan M |
SM |
|
| Robino |
Antonietta |
A |
|
| Rostapshova |
Olga |
O |
|
| Rudan |
Igor |
I |
|
| Rustichini |
Aldo |
A |
|
| Salomaa |
Veikko |
V |
|
| Sanders |
Alan R |
AR |
|
| Sarin |
Antti-Pekka |
AP |
|
| Schmidt |
Helena |
H |
|
| Scott |
Rodney J |
RJ |
|
| Smith |
Blair H |
BH |
|
| Smith |
Jennifer A |
JA |
|
| Staessen |
Jan A |
JA |
|
| Steinhagen-Thiessen |
Elisabeth |
E |
|
| Strauch |
Konstantin |
K |
|
| Terracciano |
Antonio |
A |
|
| Tobin |
Martin D |
MD |
|
| Ulivi |
Sheila |
S |
|
| Vaccargiu |
Simona |
S |
|
| Quaye |
Lydia |
L |
|
| van Rooij |
Frank J A |
FJA |
|
| Venturini |
Cristina |
C |
|
| Vinkhuyzen |
Anna A E |
AAE |
|
| Völker |
Uwe |
U |
|
| Völzke |
Henry |
H |
|
| Vonk |
Judith M |
JM |
|
| Vozzi |
Diego |
D |
|
| Waage |
Johannes |
J |
|
| Ware |
Erin B |
EB |
|
| Willemsen |
Gonneke |
G |
|
| Attia |
John R |
JR |
|
| Bennett |
David A |
DA |
|
| Berger |
Klaus |
K |
|
| Bertram |
Lars |
L |
|
| Bisgaard |
Hans |
H |
|
| Boomsma |
Dorret I |
DI |
|
| Borecki |
Ingrid B |
IB |
|
| Bültmann |
Ute |
U |
|
| Chabris |
Christopher F |
CF |
|
| Cucca |
Francesco |
F |
|
| Cusi |
Daniele |
D |
|
| Deary |
Ian J |
IJ |
|
| Dedoussis |
George V |
GV |
|
| van Duijn |
Cornelia M |
CM |
|
| Eriksson |
Johan G |
JG |
|
| Franke |
Barbara |
B |
|
| Franke |
Lude |
L |
|
| Gasparini |
Paolo |
P |
|
| Gejman |
Pablo V |
PV |
|
| Gieger |
Christian |
C |
|
| Grabe |
Hans-Jörgen |
HJ |
|
| Gratten |
Jacob |
J |
|
| Groenen |
Patrick J F |
PJF |
|
| Gudnason |
Vilmundur |
V |
|
| van der Harst |
Pim |
P |
|
| Hoffmann |
Wolfgang |
W |
|
| Hyppönen |
Elina |
E |
|
| Iacono |
William G |
WG |
|
| Jacobsson |
Bo |
B |
|
| Järvelin |
Marjo-Riitta |
MR |
|
| Jöckel |
Karl-Heinz |
KH |
|
| Kaprio |
Jaakko |
J |
|
| Kardia |
Sharon L R |
SLR |
|
| Lehtimäki |
Terho |
T |
|
| Lehrer |
Steven F |
SF |
|
| Martin |
Nicholas G |
NG |
|
| McGue |
Matt |
M |
|
| Metspalu |
Andres |
A |
|
| Pendleton |
Neil |
N |
|
| Penninx |
Brenda W J H |
BWJH |
|
| Perola |
Markus |
M |
|
| Pirastu |
Nicola |
N |
|
| Pirastu |
Mario |
M |
|
| Polasek |
Ozren |
O |
|
| Posthuma |
Danielle |
D |
|
| Power |
Christine |
C |
|
| Province |
Michael A |
MA |
|
| Samani |
Nilesh J |
NJ |
|
| Schlessinger |
David |
D |
|
| Schmidt |
Reinhold |
R |
|
| Sørensen |
Thorkild I A |
TIA |
|
| Spector |
Tim D |
TD |
|
| Stefansson |
Kari |
K |
|
| Thorsteinsdottir |
Unnur |
U |
|
| Thurik |
A Roy |
AR |
|
| Timpson |
Nicholas J |
NJ |
|
| Tiemeier |
Henning |
H |
|
| Uitterlinden |
André G |
AG |
|
| Vitart |
Veronique |
V |
|
| Vollenweider |
Peter |
P |
|
| Weir |
David R |
DR |
|
| Wilson |
James F |
JF |
|
| Wright |
Alan F |
AF |
|
| Conley |
Dalton C |
DC |
|
| Krueger |
Robert F |
RF |
|
| Smith |
George Davey |
GD |
|
| Hofman |
Albert |
A |
|
| Laibson |
David I |
DI |
|
| Medland |
Sarah E |
SE |
|
| Yang |
Jian |
J |
|
| Esko |
Tõnu |
T |
|
|
| JOURNAL |
|
| VOLUME: |
| ISSUE: |
| TITLE: Nature genetics |
| ISOABBREVIATION: Nat Genet |
| YEAR: 2022 |
| MONTH: Mar |
| DAY: 31 |
| MEDLINEDATE: |
| SEASON: |
| CITEDMEDIUM: Internet |
| ISSN: 1546-1718 |
| ISSNTYPE: Electronic |
|
| MEDLINE JOURNAL |
|
| MEDLINETA: Nat Genet |
| COUNTRY: United States |
| ISSNLINKING: 1061-4036 |
| NLMUNIQUEID: 9216904 |
|
| PUBLICATION TYPE |
|
| PUBLICATIONTYPE TEXT |
| Journal Article |
|
| COMMENTS AND CORRECTIONS |
|
|
| GRANTS |
|
| GRANTID |
AGENCY |
COUNTRY |
| R56-AG058726 |
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (U.S. National Institute on Aging) |
|
| R24-AG065184 |
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (U.S. National Institute on Aging) |
|
| R01-AG042568 |
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (U.S. National Institute on Aging) |
|
| K99-AG062787-01 |
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (U.S. National Institute on Aging) |
|
| 016.Veni.198.058 |
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research) |
|
| P18-0782:18 |
Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond) |
|
| 2019-00244 |
Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council) |
|
| 421-2013-1061 |
Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council) |
|
| MC_UU_00007/10 |
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC) |
|
| DE200100425 |
Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (ARC) |
|
| E42/15 |
Ragnar Söderbergs stiftelse (Ragnar Söderberg Foundation) |
|
| FL180100072 |
Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (ARC) |
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| GNT113400 |
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) |
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| OGI-152 |
Genome Canada (Génome Canada) |
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| GENERAL NOTE |
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| KEYWORDS |
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| MESH HEADINGS |
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| SUPPLEMENTARY MESH |
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| GENE SYMBOLS |
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| CHEMICALS |
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| OTHER ID's |
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