Genetic Epidemiology, Translational Neurogenomics, Psychiatric Genetics and Statistical Genetics Laboratories investigate the pattern of disease in families, particularly identical and non-identical twins, to assess the relative importance of genes and environment in a variety of important health problems.
QIMR Home Page
GenEpi Home Page
About GenEpi
Publications
Contacts
Research
Staff Index
Collaborators
Software Tools
Computing Resources
Studies
Search
GenEpi Intranet
PMID
35225756
TITLE
Using polygenic scores and clinical data for bipolar disorder patient stratification and lithium response prediction: machine learning approach.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND NlmCategory: BACKGROUND
Response to lithium in patients with bipolar disorder is associated with clinical and transdiagnostic genetic factors. The predictive combination of these variables might help clinicians better predict which patients will respond to lithium treatment.
AIMS NlmCategory: OBJECTIVE
Response to lithium in patients with bipolar disorder is associated with clinical and transdiagnostic genetic factors. The predictive combination of these variables might help clinicians better predict which patients will respond to lithium treatment. To use a combination of transdiagnostic genetic and clinical factors to predict lithium response in patients with bipolar disorder.
METHOD NlmCategory: METHODS
Response to lithium in patients with bipolar disorder is associated with clinical and transdiagnostic genetic factors. The predictive combination of these variables might help clinicians better predict which patients will respond to lithium treatment. To use a combination of transdiagnostic genetic and clinical factors to predict lithium response in patients with bipolar disorder. This study utilised genetic and clinical data (n = 1034) collected as part of the International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLi+Gen) project. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were computed for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, and then combined with clinical variables using a cross-validated machine-learning regression approach. Unimodal, multimodal and genetically stratified models were trained and validated using ridge, elastic net and random forest regression on 692 patients with bipolar disorder from ten study sites using leave-site-out cross-validation. All models were then tested on an independent test set of 342 patients. The best performing models were then tested in a classification framework.
RESULTS NlmCategory: RESULTS
Response to lithium in patients with bipolar disorder is associated with clinical and transdiagnostic genetic factors. The predictive combination of these variables might help clinicians better predict which patients will respond to lithium treatment. To use a combination of transdiagnostic genetic and clinical factors to predict lithium response in patients with bipolar disorder. This study utilised genetic and clinical data (n = 1034) collected as part of the International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLi+Gen) project. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were computed for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, and then combined with clinical variables using a cross-validated machine-learning regression approach. Unimodal, multimodal and genetically stratified models were trained and validated using ridge, elastic net and random forest regression on 692 patients with bipolar disorder from ten study sites using leave-site-out cross-validation. All models were then tested on an independent test set of 342 patients. The best performing models were then tested in a classification framework. The best performing linear model explained 5.1% (P = 0.0001) of variance in lithium response and was composed of clinical variables, PRS variables and interaction terms between them. The best performing non-linear model used only clinical variables and explained 8.1% (P = 0.0001) of variance in lithium response. A priori genomic stratification improved non-linear model performance to 13.7% (P = 0.0001) and improved the binary classification of lithium response. This model stratified patients based on their meta-polygenic loadings for major depressive disorder and schizophrenia and was then trained using clinical data.
CONCLUSIONS NlmCategory: CONCLUSIONS
Response to lithium in patients with bipolar disorder is associated with clinical and transdiagnostic genetic factors. The predictive combination of these variables might help clinicians better predict which patients will respond to lithium treatment. To use a combination of transdiagnostic genetic and clinical factors to predict lithium response in patients with bipolar disorder. This study utilised genetic and clinical data (n = 1034) collected as part of the International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLi+Gen) project. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were computed for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, and then combined with clinical variables using a cross-validated machine-learning regression approach. Unimodal, multimodal and genetically stratified models were trained and validated using ridge, elastic net and random forest regression on 692 patients with bipolar disorder from ten study sites using leave-site-out cross-validation. All models were then tested on an independent test set of 342 patients. The best performing models were then tested in a classification framework. The best performing linear model explained 5.1% (P = 0.0001) of variance in lithium response and was composed of clinical variables, PRS variables and interaction terms between them. The best performing non-linear model used only clinical variables and explained 8.1% (P = 0.0001) of variance in lithium response. A priori genomic stratification improved non-linear model performance to 13.7% (P = 0.0001) and improved the binary classification of lithium response. This model stratified patients based on their meta-polygenic loadings for major depressive disorder and schizophrenia and was then trained using clinical data. Using PRS to first stratify patients genetically and then train machine-learning models with clinical predictors led to large improvements in lithium response prediction. When used with other PRS and biological markers in the future this approach may help inform which patients are most likely to respond to lithium treatment.
DATE PUBLISHED
2022 Feb 28
HISTORY
PUBSTATUS PUBSTATUSDATE
entrez 2022/02/28 12:14
pubmed 2022/03/01 06:00
medline 2022/03/01 06:00
AUTHORS
NAME COLLECTIVENAME LASTNAME FORENAME INITIALS AFFILIATION AFFILIATIONINFO
Cearns M Cearns Micah M Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia.
Amare AT Amare Azmeraw T AT South Australian Academic Health Science and Translation Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Australia and Program for Quantitative Genomics, Harvard School of Public Health, USA.
Schubert KO Schubert Klaus Oliver KO Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia and Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Mental Health Services, Australia.
Thalamuthu A Thalamuthu Anbupalam A Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia.
Frank J Frank Joseph J Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
Streit F Streit Fabian F Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
Adli M Adli Mazda M Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany.
Akula N Akula Nirmala N Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health & Human Services, USA.
Akiyama K Akiyama Kazufumi K Department of Biological Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan.
Ardau R Ardau Raffaella R Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital University Agency of Cagliari, Italy.
Arias B Arias Bárbara B Unitat de Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica (Dpt. Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals), Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Spain.
Aubry JM Aubry Jean-Michel JM Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Unit, HUG - Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.
Backlund L Backlund Lena L Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Sweden and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
Bhattacharjee AK Bhattacharjee Abesh Kumar AK Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA.
Bellivier F Bellivier Frank F INSERM UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Diderot, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-F.Widal, France.
Benabarre A Benabarre Antonio A Bipolar Disorder Program, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Spain.
Bengesser S Bengesser Susanne S Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Research Unit for Bipolar Affective Disorder, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
Biernacka JM Biernacka Joanna M JM Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, USA and Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, USA.
Birner A Birner Armin A Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Research Unit for Bipolar Affective Disorder, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
Brichant-Petitjean C Brichant-Petitjean Clara C INSERM UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Diderot, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-F.Widal, France.
Cervantes P Cervantes Pablo P The Neuromodulation Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Canada.
Chen HC Chen Hsi-Chung HC Department of Psychiatry & Center of Sleep Disorders, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan.
Chillotti C Chillotti Caterina C Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital University Agency of Cagliari, Italy.
Cichon S Cichon Sven S Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Germany; and Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
Cruceanu C Cruceanu Cristiana C Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Canada.
Czerski PM Czerski Piotr M PM Psychiatric Genetic Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland.
Dalkner N Dalkner Nina N Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Research Unit for Bipolar Affective Disorder, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
Dayer A Dayer Alexandre A Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Unit, HUG - Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.
Degenhardt F Degenhardt Franziska F Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Germany.
Zompo MD Zompo Maria Del MD Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.
DePaulo JR DePaulo J Raymond JR Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA.
Étain B Étain Bruno B INSERM UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Diderot, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-F.Widal, France.
Falkai P Falkai Peter P Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Germany.
Forstner AJ Forstner Andreas J AJ Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Germany; Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland and Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland.
Frisen L Frisen Louise L Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Sweden and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
Frye MA Frye Mark A MA Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, USA.
Fullerton JM Fullerton Janice M JM Neuroscience Research Australia, Australia and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia.
Gard S Gard Sébastien S Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Charles Perrens, France.
Garnham JS Garnham Julie S JS Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Canada.
Goes FS Goes Fernando S FS Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA.
Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M Grigoroiu-Serbanescu Maria M Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Romania.
Grof P Grof Paul P Mood Disorders Center of Ottawa, Canada.
Hashimoto R Hashimoto Ryota R Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Japan and Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
Hauser J Hauser Joanna J Psychiatric Genetic Unit, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland.
Heilbronner U Heilbronner Urs U Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany.
Herms S Herms Stefan S Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Germany and Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
Hoffmann P Hoffmann Per P Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Germany and Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
Hofmann A Hofmann Andrea A Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Germany.
Hou L Hou Liping L Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health & Human Services, USA.
Hsu YH Hsu Yi-Hsiang YH Program for Quantitative Genomics, Harvard School of Public Health, USA and HSL Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, USA.
Jamain S Jamain Stephane S Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Fondation FondaMental, France.
Jiménez E Jiménez Esther E Bipolar Disorder Program, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Spain.
Kahn JP Kahn Jean-Pierre JP Service de Psychiatrie et Psychologie Clinique, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy - Université de Lorraine, France.
Kassem L Kassem Layla L Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health & Human Services, USA.
Kuo PH Kuo Po-Hsiu PH Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
Kato T Kato Tadafumi T Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
Kelsoe J Kelsoe John J Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA.
Kittel-Schneider S Kittel-Schneider Sarah S Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany.
Kliwicki S Kliwicki Sebastian S Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland.
König B König Barbara B Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Landesklinikum Neunkirchen, Austria.
Kusumi I Kusumi Ichiro I Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
Laje G Laje Gonzalo G Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health & Human Services, USA.
Landén M Landén Mikael M Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Sweden and Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
Lavebratt C Lavebratt Catharina C Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Sweden and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
Leboyer M Leboyer Marion M Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, AP-HP, Mondor University Hospital, DMU Impact, Fondation FondaMental, France.
Leckband SG Leckband Susan G SG Office of Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, USA.
Maj M Maj Mario M Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Italy; ,for a full list of Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the PGC Investigators, see the Supplementary Material.
Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium
Manchia M Manchia Mirko M Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Italy and Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Canada.
Martinsson L Martinsson Lina L Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
McCarthy MJ McCarthy Michael J MJ Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA and Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, USA.
McElroy S McElroy Susan S Department of Psychiatry, Lindner Center of Hope / University of Cincinnati, USA.
Colom F Colom Francesc F Mental Health Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
Mitjans M Mitjans Marina M Mental Health Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
Mondimore FM Mondimore Francis M FM Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA.
Monteleone P Monteleone Palmiero P Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Italy.
Nievergelt CM Nievergelt Caroline M CM Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA.
Nöthen MM Nöthen Markus M MM Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Germany.
Novák T Novák Tomas T National Institute of Mental Health, Czech Republic.
O'Donovan C O'Donovan Claire C Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Canada.
Ozaki N Ozaki Norio N Department of Psychiatry & Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
Millischer V Millischer Vincent V Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Sweden and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
Papiol S Papiol Sergi S Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Germany.
Pfennig A Pfennig Andrea A Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
Pisanu C Pisanu Claudia C Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.
Potash JB Potash James B JB Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA.
Reif A Reif Andreas A Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany.
Reininghaus E Reininghaus Eva E Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Research Unit for Bipolar Affective Disorder, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
Rouleau GA Rouleau Guy A GA Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Canada.
Rybakowski JK Rybakowski Janusz K JK Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland.
Schalling M Schalling Martin M Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Sweden and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
Schofield PR Schofield Peter R PR Neuroscience Research Australia, Australia and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia.
Schweizer BW Schweizer Barbara W BW Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA.
Severino G Severino Giovanni G Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.
Shekhtman T Shekhtman Tatyana T Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA.
Shilling PD Shilling Paul D PD Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, USA.
Shimoda K Shimoda Katzutaka K Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan.
Simhandl C Simhandl Christian C Bipolar Center Wiener Neustadt, Sigmund Freud University, Medical Faculty, Austria.
Slaney CM Slaney Claire M CM Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Canada.
Squassina A Squassina Alessio A Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.
Stamm T Stamm Thomas T Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany.
Stopkova P Stopkova Pavla P National Institute of Mental Health, Czech Republic.
Tekola-Ayele F Tekola-Ayele Fasil F Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, USA.
Tortorella A Tortorella Alfonso A Department of Psychiatry, University of Perugia, Italy.
Turecki G Turecki Gustavo G Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Canada.
Veeh J Veeh Julia J Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany.
Vieta E Vieta Eduard E Bipolar Disorder Program, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Spain.
Witt SH Witt Stephanie H SH Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
Roberts G Roberts Gloria G School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia.
Zandi PP Zandi Peter P PP Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA.
Alda M Alda Martin M Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Canada.
Bauer M Bauer Michael M Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
McMahon FJ McMahon Francis J FJ Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health & Human Services, USA.
Mitchell PB Mitchell Philip B PB School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia.
Schulze TG Schulze Thomas G TG Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health & Human Services, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, USA; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany.
Rietschel M Rietschel Marcella M Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
Clark SR Clark Scott R SR Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia.
Baune BT Baune Bernhard T BT Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Australia and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
INVESTIGATORS
JOURNAL
VOLUME:
ISSUE:
TITLE: The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science
ISOABBREVIATION: Br J Psychiatry
YEAR: 2022
MONTH: Feb
DAY: 28
MEDLINEDATE:
SEASON:
CITEDMEDIUM: Internet
ISSN: 1472-1465
ISSNTYPE: Electronic
MEDLINE JOURNAL
MEDLINETA: Br J Psychiatry
COUNTRY: England
ISSNLINKING: 0007-1250
NLMUNIQUEID: 0342367
PUBLICATION TYPE
PUBLICATIONTYPE TEXT
Journal Article
COMMENTS AND CORRECTIONS
GRANTS
GRANTID AGENCY COUNTRY
Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Centres de Recerca de Catalunya Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya, Miguel Servet II, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Mental Health Investissements d'Avenir National Institute of Drug Abuse Swiss National Foundation NPU I Australian National Health and Medical Research Council INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), AP-HP (Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris), Fondation FondaMental (RTRS Santé Mentale
GENERAL NOTE
KEYWORDS
KEYWORD
Mood stabilisers
bipolar affective disorders
depressive disorders
genetics
outcome studies
MESH HEADINGS
SUPPLEMENTARY MESH
GENE SYMBOLS
CHEMICALS
OTHER ID's
Designed by: GenEpi IT
Maintained by: GenEpi IT
Feedback: webmaster
Copyright © 2007 QIMR
For more information Contact Us
epiit@qimr.edu.au
Last Modified: Oct 15 2007