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| PMID |
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| TITLE |
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| Association of Economic Status and Educational Attainment With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Mendelian Randomization Study. |
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| ABSTRACT |
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| Importance |
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| There is a well-established negative association of educational attainment (EA) and other traits related to cognitive ability with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. |
| Objectives |
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| There is a well-established negative association of educational attainment (EA) and other traits related to cognitive ability with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To investigate the association of PTSD with traits related to EA. |
| Design, Setting, and Participants |
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| There is a well-established negative association of educational attainment (EA) and other traits related to cognitive ability with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To investigate the association of PTSD with traits related to EA. Genetic correlation, polygenic risk scoring, and mendelian randomization (MR) were conducted including 23 185 individuals with PTSD and 151 309 control participants from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium for PTSD and up to 1 131 881 individuals assessed for EA and related traits from UK Biobank, 23andMe, and the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium. Data were analyzed from July 3 through November 19, 2018. |
| Main Outcomes and Measures |
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| There is a well-established negative association of educational attainment (EA) and other traits related to cognitive ability with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To investigate the association of PTSD with traits related to EA. Genetic correlation, polygenic risk scoring, and mendelian randomization (MR) were conducted including 23 185 individuals with PTSD and 151 309 control participants from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium for PTSD and up to 1 131 881 individuals assessed for EA and related traits from UK Biobank, 23andMe, and the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium. Data were analyzed from July 3 through November 19, 2018. Genetic correlation obtained from linkage disequilibrium score regression, phenotypic variance explained by polygenic risk scores, and association estimates from MR. |
| Results |
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| There is a well-established negative association of educational attainment (EA) and other traits related to cognitive ability with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To investigate the association of PTSD with traits related to EA. Genetic correlation, polygenic risk scoring, and mendelian randomization (MR) were conducted including 23 185 individuals with PTSD and 151 309 control participants from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium for PTSD and up to 1 131 881 individuals assessed for EA and related traits from UK Biobank, 23andMe, and the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium. Data were analyzed from July 3 through November 19, 2018. Genetic correlation obtained from linkage disequilibrium score regression, phenotypic variance explained by polygenic risk scores, and association estimates from MR. Summary association data from multiple genome-wide association studies were available for a total of 1 180 352 participants (634 391 [53.7%] women). Posttraumatic stress disorder showed negative genetic correlations with EA (rg = -0.26; SE = 0.05; P = 4.60 × 10-8). Mendelian randomization analysis, conducting considering a random-effects inverse-variance weighted method, indicated that EA has a negative association with PTSD (β = -0.23; 95% CI, -0.07 to -0.39; P = .004). Investigating potential mediators of the EA-PTSD association, propensity for trauma exposure and risk-taking behaviors were observed as risk factors for PTSD independent of EA (trauma exposure: β = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.52; P = 2.57 × 10-5; risk-taking: β = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.38 to 1.13; P = 1.13 × 10-4), while income may mediate the association of EA with PSTD (MR income: β = -0.18; 95% CI, -0.29 to -0.07; P = .001; MR EA: β = -0.23; 95% CI, -0.39 to -0.07; P = .004; multivariable MR income: β = -0.32; 95% CI, -0.57 to 0.07; P = .02; multivariable MR EA: β = -0.04; 95% CI, -0.29 to 0.21; SE, 0.13; P = .79). |
| Conclusions and Relevance |
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| There is a well-established negative association of educational attainment (EA) and other traits related to cognitive ability with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To investigate the association of PTSD with traits related to EA. Genetic correlation, polygenic risk scoring, and mendelian randomization (MR) were conducted including 23 185 individuals with PTSD and 151 309 control participants from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium for PTSD and up to 1 131 881 individuals assessed for EA and related traits from UK Biobank, 23andMe, and the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium. Data were analyzed from July 3 through November 19, 2018. Genetic correlation obtained from linkage disequilibrium score regression, phenotypic variance explained by polygenic risk scores, and association estimates from MR. Summary association data from multiple genome-wide association studies were available for a total of 1 180 352 participants (634 391 [53.7%] women). Posttraumatic stress disorder showed negative genetic correlations with EA (rg = -0.26; SE = 0.05; P = 4.60 × 10-8). Mendelian randomization analysis, conducting considering a random-effects inverse-variance weighted method, indicated that EA has a negative association with PTSD (β = -0.23; 95% CI, -0.07 to -0.39; P = .004). Investigating potential mediators of the EA-PTSD association, propensity for trauma exposure and risk-taking behaviors were observed as risk factors for PTSD independent of EA (trauma exposure: β = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.52; P = 2.57 × 10-5; risk-taking: β = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.38 to 1.13; P = 1.13 × 10-4), while income may mediate the association of EA with PSTD (MR income: β = -0.18; 95% CI, -0.29 to -0.07; P = .001; MR EA: β = -0.23; 95% CI, -0.39 to -0.07; P = .004; multivariable MR income: β = -0.32; 95% CI, -0.57 to 0.07; P = .02; multivariable MR EA: β = -0.04; 95% CI, -0.29 to 0.21; SE, 0.13; P = .79). Large-scale genomic data sets add further evidence to the negative association of EA with PTSD, also supporting the role of economic status as a mediator in the association observed. |
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| DATE PUBLISHED |
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| HISTORY |
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| PUBSTATUS |
PUBSTATUSDATE |
| entrez |
2019/05/04 06:00 |
| pubmed |
2019/05/06 06:00 |
| medline |
2020/02/15 06:00 |
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| AUTHORS |
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| NAME |
COLLECTIVENAME |
LASTNAME |
FORENAME |
INITIALS |
AFFILIATION |
AFFILIATIONINFO |
| Polimanti R |
|
Polimanti |
Renato |
R |
|
Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut. |
| Ratanatharathorn A |
|
Ratanatharathorn |
Andrew |
A |
|
Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York. |
| Maihofer AX |
|
Maihofer |
Adam X |
AX |
|
Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health and Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California. |
| Choi KW |
|
Choi |
Karmel W |
KW |
|
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts. |
| Stein MB |
|
Stein |
Murray B |
MB |
|
Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California. |
| Morey RA |
|
Morey |
Rajendra A |
RA |
|
Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. |
| Logue MW |
|
Logue |
Mark W |
MW |
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Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts. |
| Nievergelt CM |
|
Nievergelt |
Caroline M |
CM |
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Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health and Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California. |
| Stein DJ |
|
Stein |
Dan J |
DJ |
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South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. |
| Koenen KC |
|
Koenen |
Karestan C |
KC |
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Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts. |
| Gelernter J |
|
Gelernter |
Joel |
J |
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Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. |
|
Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Working Group |
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| INVESTIGATORS |
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| JOURNAL |
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| VOLUME: 2 |
| ISSUE: 5 |
| TITLE: JAMA network open |
| ISOABBREVIATION: JAMA Netw Open |
| YEAR: 2019 |
| MONTH: 05 |
| DAY: 03 |
| MEDLINEDATE: |
| SEASON: |
| CITEDMEDIUM: Internet |
| ISSN: 2574-3805 |
| ISSNTYPE: Electronic |
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| MEDLINE JOURNAL |
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| MEDLINETA: JAMA Netw Open |
| COUNTRY: United States |
| ISSNLINKING: 2574-3805 |
| NLMUNIQUEID: 101729235 |
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| PUBLICATION TYPE |
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| PUBLICATIONTYPE TEXT |
| Journal Article |
| Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural |
| Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. |
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| COMMENTS AND CORRECTIONS |
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| GRANTS |
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| GRANTID |
AGENCY |
COUNTRY |
| R01 MH106595 |
NIMH NIH HHS |
United States |
| U01 MH109536 |
NIMH NIH HHS |
United States |
| U01 MH109532 |
NIMH NIH HHS |
United States |
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| GENERAL NOTE |
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| KEYWORDS |
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| MESH HEADINGS |
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| DESCRIPTORNAME |
QUALIFIERNAME |
| Cognition |
physiology |
| Cross-Sectional Studies |
physiology |
| Economic Status |
physiology |
| Educational Status |
physiology |
| Humans |
physiology |
| Mendelian Randomization Analysis |
methods |
| Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide |
methods |
| Risk-Taking |
methods |
| Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic |
psychology |
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| SUPPLEMENTARY MESH |
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| GENE SYMBOLS |
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| CHEMICALS |
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| OTHER ID's |
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