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PMID |
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TITLE |
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Genome-wide association meta-analysis highlights light-induced signaling as a driver for refractive error. |
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ABSTRACT |
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Refractive errors, including myopia, are the most frequent eye disorders worldwide and an increasingly common cause of blindness. This genome-wide association meta-analysis in 160,420 participants and replication in 95,505 participants increased the number of established independent signals from 37 to 161 and showed high genetic correlation between Europeans and Asians (>0.78). Expression experiments and comprehensive in silico analyses identified retinal cell physiology and light processing as prominent mechanisms, and also identified functional contributions to refractive-error development in all cell types of the neurosensory retina, retinal pigment epithelium, vascular endothelium and extracellular matrix. Newly identified genes implicate novel mechanisms such as rod-and-cone bipolar synaptic neurotransmission, anterior-segment morphology and angiogenesis. Thirty-one loci resided in or near regions transcribing small RNAs, thus suggesting a role for post-transcriptional regulation. Our results support the notion that refractive errors are caused by a light-dependent retina-to-sclera signaling cascade and delineate potential pathobiological molecular drivers. |
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DATE PUBLISHED |
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HISTORY |
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PUBSTATUS |
PUBSTATUSDATE |
received |
2017/05/22 |
accepted |
2018/03/26 |
entrez |
2018/05/30 06:00 |
pubmed |
2018/05/29 06:00 |
medline |
2018/05/29 06:00 |
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AUTHORS |
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NAME |
COLLECTIVENAME |
LASTNAME |
FORENAME |
INITIALS |
AFFILIATION |
AFFILIATIONINFO |
Tedja MS |
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Tedja |
Milly S |
MS |
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Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. |
Wojciechowski R |
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Wojciechowski |
Robert |
R |
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Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA. |
Hysi PG |
|
Hysi |
Pirro G |
PG |
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Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK. |
Eriksson N |
|
Eriksson |
Nicholas |
N |
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23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA. |
Furlotte NA |
|
Furlotte |
Nicholas A |
NA |
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23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA. |
Verhoeven VJM |
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Verhoeven |
Virginie J M |
VJM |
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Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. |
Iglesias AI |
|
Iglesias |
Adriana I |
AI |
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Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. |
Meester-Smoor MA |
|
Meester-Smoor |
Magda A |
MA |
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Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. |
Tompson SW |
|
Tompson |
Stuart W |
SW |
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Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. |
Fan Q |
|
Fan |
Qiao |
Q |
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Centre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. |
Khawaja AP |
|
Khawaja |
Anthony P |
AP |
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NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK. |
Cheng CY |
|
Cheng |
Ching-Yu |
CY |
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Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. |
Höhn R |
|
Höhn |
René |
R |
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Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany. |
Yamashiro K |
|
Yamashiro |
Kenji |
K |
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Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. |
Wenocur A |
|
Wenocur |
Adam |
A |
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Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. |
Grazal C |
|
Grazal |
Clare |
C |
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Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. |
Haller T |
|
Haller |
Toomas |
T |
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Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. |
Metspalu A |
|
Metspalu |
Andres |
A |
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Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. |
Wedenoja J |
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Wedenoja |
Juho |
J |
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Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. |
Jonas JB |
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Jonas |
Jost B |
JB |
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Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. |
Wang YX |
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Wang |
Ya Xing |
YX |
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Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. |
Xie J |
|
Xie |
Jing |
J |
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Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. |
Mitchell P |
|
Mitchell |
Paul |
P |
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Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. |
Foster PJ |
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Foster |
Paul J |
PJ |
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NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK. |
Klein BEK |
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Klein |
Barbara E K |
BEK |
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Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. |
Klein R |
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Klein |
Ronald |
R |
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Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. |
Paterson AD |
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Paterson |
Andrew D |
AD |
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Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. |
Hosseini SM |
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Hosseini |
S Mohsen |
SM |
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Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. |
Shah RL |
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Shah |
Rupal L |
RL |
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School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. |
Williams C |
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Williams |
Cathy |
C |
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Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK. |
Teo YY |
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Teo |
Yik Ying |
YY |
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Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. |
Tham YC |
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Tham |
Yih Chung |
YC |
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Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. |
Gupta P |
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Gupta |
Preeti |
P |
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Department of Health Service Research, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. |
Zhao W |
|
Zhao |
Wanting |
W |
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Statistics Support Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. |
Shi Y |
|
Shi |
Yuan |
Y |
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Statistics Support Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. |
Saw WY |
|
Saw |
Woei-Yuh |
WY |
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Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. |
Tai ES |
|
Tai |
E-Shyong |
ES |
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Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. |
Sim XL |
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Sim |
Xue Ling |
XL |
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Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. |
Huffman JE |
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Huffman |
Jennifer E |
JE |
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MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. |
Polašek O |
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Polašek |
Ozren |
O |
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia. |
Hayward C |
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Hayward |
Caroline |
C |
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MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. |
Bencic G |
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Bencic |
Goran |
G |
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Department of Ophthalmology, Sisters of Mercy University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia. |
Rudan I |
|
Rudan |
Igor |
I |
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Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. |
Wilson JF |
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Wilson |
James F |
JF |
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Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. |
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CREAM Consortium |
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23andMe Research Team |
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UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium |
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Joshi PK |
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Joshi |
Peter K |
PK |
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Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. |
Tsujikawa A |
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Tsujikawa |
Akitaka |
A |
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Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. |
Matsuda F |
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Matsuda |
Fumihiko |
F |
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Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. |
Whisenhunt KN |
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Whisenhunt |
Kristina N |
KN |
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Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. |
Zeller T |
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Zeller |
Tanja |
T |
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Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. |
van der Spek PJ |
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van der Spek |
Peter J |
PJ |
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Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. |
Haak R |
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Haak |
Roxanna |
R |
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Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. |
Meijers-Heijboer H |
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Meijers-Heijboer |
Hanne |
H |
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Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. |
van Leeuwen EM |
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van Leeuwen |
Elisabeth M |
EM |
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Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. |
Iyengar SK |
|
Iyengar |
Sudha K |
SK |
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Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. |
Lass JH |
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Lass |
Jonathan H |
JH |
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Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA. |
Hofman A |
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Hofman |
Albert |
A |
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Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, The Netherlands. |
Rivadeneira F |
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Rivadeneira |
Fernando |
F |
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Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. |
Uitterlinden AG |
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Uitterlinden |
André G |
AG |
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Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. |
Vingerling JR |
|
Vingerling |
Johannes R |
JR |
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Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. |
Lehtimäki T |
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Lehtimäki |
Terho |
T |
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Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. |
Raitakari OT |
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Raitakari |
Olli T |
OT |
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Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. |
Biino G |
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Biino |
Ginevra |
G |
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Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, Italy. |
Concas MP |
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Concas |
Maria Pina |
MP |
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Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy. |
Schwantes-An TH |
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Schwantes-An |
Tae-Hwi |
TH |
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Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. |
Igo RP Jr |
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Igo |
Robert P |
RP |
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Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. |
Cuellar-Partida G |
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Cuellar-Partida |
Gabriel |
G |
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Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. |
Martin NG |
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Martin |
Nicholas G |
NG |
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Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. |
Craig JE |
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Craig |
Jamie E |
JE |
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Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. |
Gharahkhani P |
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Gharahkhani |
Puya |
P |
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Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. |
Williams KM |
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Williams |
Katie M |
KM |
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Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK. |
Nag A |
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Nag |
Abhishek |
A |
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Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK. |
Rahi JS |
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Rahi |
Jugnoo S |
JS |
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Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London, London, UK. |
Cumberland PM |
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Cumberland |
Phillippa M |
PM |
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Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK. |
Delcourt C |
|
Delcourt |
Cécile |
C |
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Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team LEHA, UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. |
Bellenguez C |
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Bellenguez |
Céline |
C |
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Université de Lille, U1167-Excellence Laboratory LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France. |
Ried JS |
|
Ried |
Janina S |
JS |
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Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. |
Bergen AA |
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Bergen |
Arthur A |
AA |
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Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. |
Meitinger T |
|
Meitinger |
Thomas |
T |
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Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. |
Gieger C |
|
Gieger |
Christian |
C |
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Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. |
Wong TY |
|
Wong |
Tien Yin |
TY |
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Retino Center, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. |
Hewitt AW |
|
Hewitt |
Alex W |
AW |
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Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. |
Mackey DA |
|
Mackey |
David A |
DA |
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Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. |
Simpson CL |
|
Simpson |
Claire L |
CL |
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Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA. |
Pfeiffer N |
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Pfeiffer |
Norbert |
N |
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Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany. |
Pärssinen O |
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Pärssinen |
Olavi |
O |
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Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland. |
Baird PN |
|
Baird |
Paul N |
PN |
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Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. |
Vitart V |
|
Vitart |
Veronique |
V |
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MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. |
Amin N |
|
Amin |
Najaf |
N |
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Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. |
van Duijn CM |
|
van Duijn |
Cornelia M |
CM |
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Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. |
Bailey-Wilson JE |
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Bailey-Wilson |
Joan E |
JE |
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Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. |
Young TL |
|
Young |
Terri L |
TL |
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Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. |
Saw SM |
|
Saw |
Seang-Mei |
SM |
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Myopia Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. |
Stambolian D |
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Stambolian |
Dwight |
D |
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Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. |
MacGregor S |
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MacGregor |
Stuart |
S |
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Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. |
Guggenheim JA |
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Guggenheim |
Jeremy A |
JA |
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School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. |
Tung JY |
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Tung |
Joyce Y |
JY |
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23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA. |
Hammond CJ |
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Hammond |
Christopher J |
CJ |
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Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK. |
Klaver CCW |
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Klaver |
Caroline C W |
CCW |
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Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. c.c.w.klaver@erasmusmc.nl. |
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INVESTIGATORS |
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LASTNAME |
FORENAME |
INITIALS |
AFFILIATION |
Aung |
Tin |
T |
|
Veluchamy |
Amutha B |
AB |
|
Burdon |
Kathryn P |
KP |
|
Campbell |
Harry |
H |
|
Chen |
Li Jia |
LJ |
|
Chen |
Peng |
P |
|
Chen |
Wei |
W |
|
Chew |
Emily |
E |
|
Deangelis |
Margaret M |
MM |
|
Ding |
Xiaohu |
X |
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Döring |
Angela |
A |
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Evans |
David M |
DM |
|
Feng |
Sheng |
S |
|
Fleck |
Brian |
B |
|
Fogarty |
Rhys D |
RD |
|
Fondran |
Jeremy R |
JR |
|
Fossarello |
Maurizio |
M |
|
Guo |
Xiaobo |
X |
|
Haarman |
Annet E G |
AEG |
|
He |
Mingguang |
M |
|
Howe |
Laura D |
LD |
|
Janmahasatian |
Sarayut |
S |
|
Jhanji |
Vishal |
V |
|
Kähönen |
Mika |
M |
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Kaprio |
Jaakko |
J |
|
Kemp |
John P |
JP |
|
Khaw |
Kay-Tee |
KT |
|
Khor |
Chiea-Chuen |
CC |
|
Krapohl |
Eva |
E |
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Korobelnik |
Jean-François |
JF |
|
Lee |
Kris |
K |
|
Li |
Shi-Ming |
SM |
|
Lu |
Yi |
Y |
|
Luben |
Robert N |
RN |
|
Mäkelä |
Kari-Matti |
KM |
|
McMahon |
George |
G |
|
Meguro |
Akira |
A |
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Mihailov |
Evelin |
E |
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Miyake |
Masahiro |
M |
|
Mizuki |
Nobuhisa |
N |
|
Morrison |
Margaux |
M |
|
Nangia |
Vinay |
V |
|
Oexle |
Konrad |
K |
|
Panda-Jonas |
Songhomitra |
S |
|
Pang |
Chi Pui |
CP |
|
Pirastu |
Mario |
M |
|
Plomin |
Robert |
R |
|
Rantanen |
Taina |
T |
|
Schache |
Maria |
M |
|
Seppälä |
Ilkka |
I |
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Smith |
George D |
GD |
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Pourcain |
Beate St |
BS |
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Tam |
Pancy O |
PO |
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Tideman |
J Willem L |
JWL |
|
Timpson |
Nicholas J |
NJ |
|
Vaccargiu |
Simona |
S |
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Vatavuk |
Zoran |
Z |
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Wang |
Jie Jin |
JJ |
|
Wang |
Ningli |
N |
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Wareham |
Nick J |
NJ |
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Wright |
Alan F |
AF |
|
Xu |
Liang |
L |
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Yap |
Maurice K H |
MKH |
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Yazar |
Seyhan |
S |
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Yip |
Shea Ping |
SP |
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Yoshimura |
Nagahisa |
N |
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Young |
Alvin L |
AL |
|
Zhao |
Jing Hua |
JH |
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Zhou |
Xiangtian |
X |
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Agee |
Michelle |
M |
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Alipanahi |
Babak |
B |
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Auton |
Adam |
A |
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Bell |
Robert K |
RK |
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Bryc |
Katarzyna |
K |
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Elson |
Sarah L |
SL |
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Fontanillas |
Pierre |
P |
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Hinds |
David A |
DA |
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McCreight |
Jennifer C |
JC |
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Huber |
Karen E |
KE |
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Kleinman |
Aaron |
A |
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Litterman |
Nadia K |
NK |
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McIntyre |
Matthew H |
MH |
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Mountain |
Joanna L |
JL |
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Noblin |
Elizabeth S |
ES |
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Northover |
Carrie A M |
CAM |
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Pitts |
Steven J |
SJ |
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Sathirapongsasuti |
J Fah |
JF |
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Sazonova |
Olga V |
OV |
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Shelton |
Janie F |
JF |
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Shringarpure |
Suyash |
S |
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Tian |
Chao |
C |
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Vacic |
Vladimir |
V |
|
Wilson |
Catherine H |
CH |
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Aslam |
Tariq M |
TM |
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Barman |
Sarah A |
SA |
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Barrett |
Jenny H |
JH |
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Bishop |
Paul N |
PN |
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Blows |
Peter |
P |
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Bunce |
Catey |
C |
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Carare |
Roxana O |
RO |
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Chakravarthy |
Usha |
U |
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Chan |
Michelle |
M |
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Chua |
Sharon |
S |
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Crabb |
David |
D |
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Day |
Alexander |
A |
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Desai |
Parul |
P |
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Dhillon |
Bal |
B |
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Dick |
Andrew D |
AD |
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Egan |
Cathy A |
CA |
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Ennis |
Sarah |
S |
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Fruttiger |
Marcus |
M |
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Gallacher |
John |
J |
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Garway-Heath |
David F |
DF |
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Gibson |
Jane |
J |
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Gore |
Dan M |
DM |
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Hardcastle |
Alison |
A |
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Harding |
Simon P |
SP |
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Hogg |
Ruth E |
RE |
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Keane |
Pearse A |
PA |
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Khaw |
Peng Tee |
PT |
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Lascaratos |
Gerassimos |
G |
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Lotery |
Andrew |
A |
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Luthert |
Phil J |
PJ |
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MacGillivray |
Tom J |
TJ |
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Mackie |
Sarah L |
SL |
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Martin |
Keith R |
KR |
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McGaughey |
Michelle |
M |
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McGuinness |
Bernadette |
B |
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McKay |
Gareth J |
GJ |
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McKibbin |
Martin |
M |
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Mitry |
Danny |
D |
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Moore |
Tony |
T |
|
Morgan |
James E |
JE |
|
Muthy |
Zaynah A |
ZA |
|
O'Sullivan |
Eoin |
E |
|
Owen |
Chris |
C |
|
Patel |
Praveen J |
PJ |
|
Paterson |
Euan N |
EN |
|
Peto |
Tunde |
T |
|
Petzold |
Axel |
A |
|
Rudnicka |
Alicja R |
AR |
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Self |
Jay E |
JE |
|
Sivaprasad |
Sobha |
S |
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Steel |
David H W |
DHW |
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Stratton |
Irene M |
IM |
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Strouthidis |
Nicholas |
N |
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Sudlow |
Cathie L M |
CLM |
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Thaung |
Caroline |
C |
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Thomas |
Dhanes |
D |
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Trucco |
Emanuele |
E |
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Tufail |
Adnan |
A |
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Vernon |
Stephen A |
SA |
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Viswanathan |
Ananth C |
AC |
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Woodside |
Jayne V |
JV |
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Yates |
Max |
M |
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Yip |
Jennifer L Y |
JLY |
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Zheng |
Yalin |
Y |
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JOURNAL |
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VOLUME: |
ISSUE: |
TITLE: Nature genetics |
ISOABBREVIATION: Nat. Genet. |
YEAR: 2018 |
MONTH: May |
DAY: 28 |
MEDLINEDATE: |
SEASON: |
CITEDMEDIUM: Internet |
ISSN: 1546-1718 |
ISSNTYPE: Electronic |
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MEDLINE JOURNAL |
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MEDLINETA: Nat Genet |
COUNTRY: United States |
ISSNLINKING: 1061-4036 |
NLMUNIQUEID: 9216904 |
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PUBLICATIONTYPE TEXT |
Journal Article |
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COMMENTS AND CORRECTIONS |
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GENERAL NOTE |
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SUPPLEMENTARY MESH |
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GENE SYMBOLS |
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CHEMICALS |
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