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| PMID |
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| TITLE |
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| The Nature of Nurture: Using a Virtual-Parent Design to Test Parenting Effects on Children's Educational Attainment in Genotyped Families. |
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| ABSTRACT |
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| Research on environmental and genetic pathways to complex traits such as educational attainment (EA) is confounded by uncertainty over whether correlations reflect effects of transmitted parental genes, causal family environments, or some, possibly interactive, mixture of both. Thus, an aggregate of thousands of alleles associated with EA (a polygenic risk score; PRS) may tap parental behaviors and home environments promoting EA in the offspring. New methods for unpicking and determining these causal pathways are required. Here, we utilize the fact that parents pass, at random, 50% of their genome to a given offspring to create independent scores for the transmitted alleles (conventional EA PRS) and a parental score based on alleles not transmitted to the offspring (EA VP_PRS). The formal effect of non-transmitted alleles on offspring attainment was tested in 2,333 genotyped twins for whom high-quality measures of EA, assessed at age 17 years, were available, and whose parents were also genotyped. Four key findings were observed. First, the EA PRS and EA VP_PRS were empirically independent, validating the virtual-parent design. Second, in this family-based design, children's own EA PRS significantly predicted their EA (β = 0.15), ruling out stratification confounds as a cause of the association of attainment with the EA PRS. Third, parental EA PRS predicted the SES environment parents provided to offspring (β = 0.20), and parental SES and offspring EA were significantly associated (β = 0.33). This would suggest that the EA PRS is at least as strongly linked to social competence as it is to EA, leading to higher attained SES in parents and, therefore, a higher experienced SES for children. In a full structural equation model taking account of family genetic relatedness across multiple siblings the non-transmitted allele effects were estimated at similar values; but, in this more complex model, confidence intervals included zero. A test using the forthcoming EA3 PRS may clarify this outcome. The virtual-parent method may be applied to clarify causality in other phenotypes where observational evidence suggests parenting may moderate expression of other outcomes, for instance in psychiatry. |
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| DATE PUBLISHED |
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| HISTORY |
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| PUBSTATUS |
PUBSTATUSDATE |
| pubmed |
2018/03/14 06:00 |
| medline |
2018/12/12 06:00 |
| entrez |
2018/03/14 06:00 |
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| AUTHORS |
|
| NAME |
COLLECTIVENAME |
LASTNAME |
FORENAME |
INITIALS |
AFFILIATION |
AFFILIATIONINFO |
| Bates TC |
|
Bates |
Timothy C |
TC |
|
Department of Psychology,University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh,UK. |
| Maher BS |
|
Maher |
Brion S |
BS |
|
Bloomberg School of Public Health,Johns Hopkins,Baltimore,MD,USA. |
| Medland SE |
|
Medland |
Sarah E |
SE |
|
Genetic Epidemiology,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,Brisbane,Queensland,Australia. |
| McAloney K |
|
McAloney |
Kerrie |
K |
|
Genetic Epidemiology,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,Brisbane,Queensland,Australia. |
| Wright MJ |
|
Wright |
Margaret J |
MJ |
|
Queensland Brain Institute,University of Queensland,Brisbane,Queensland,Australia. |
| Hansell NK |
|
Hansell |
Narelle K |
NK |
|
Queensland Brain Institute,University of Queensland,Brisbane,Queensland,Australia. |
| Kendler KS |
|
Kendler |
Kenneth S |
KS |
|
Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics,Virginia Commonwealth University,Richmond,VA,USA. |
| Martin NG |
|
Martin |
Nicholas G |
NG |
|
Genetic Epidemiology,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,Brisbane,Queensland,Australia. |
| Gillespie NA |
|
Gillespie |
Nathan A |
NA |
|
Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics,Virginia Commonwealth University,Richmond,VA,USA. |
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| INVESTIGATORS |
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| JOURNAL |
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| VOLUME: 21 |
| ISSUE: 2 |
| TITLE: Twin research and human genetics : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies |
| ISOABBREVIATION: Twin Res Hum Genet |
| YEAR: 2018 |
| MONTH: 04 |
| DAY: |
| MEDLINEDATE: |
| SEASON: |
| CITEDMEDIUM: Internet |
| ISSN: 1832-4274 |
| ISSNTYPE: Print |
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| MEDLINE JOURNAL |
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| MEDLINETA: Twin Res Hum Genet |
| COUNTRY: England |
| ISSNLINKING: 1832-4274 |
| NLMUNIQUEID: 101244624 |
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| PUBLICATION TYPE |
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| PUBLICATIONTYPE TEXT |
| Journal Article |
| Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
| Twin Study |
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| COMMENTS AND CORRECTIONS |
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| GRANTS |
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| GENERAL NOTE |
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| KEYWORDS |
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| KEYWORD |
| educational attainment |
| non-transmitted genotype |
| parental environment |
| virtual-parent design |
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| MESH HEADINGS |
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| DESCRIPTORNAME |
QUALIFIERNAME |
| Adolescent |
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| Alleles |
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| Education |
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| Female |
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| Gene-Environment Interaction |
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| Genome-Wide Association Study |
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| Genotype |
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| Humans |
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| Male |
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| Parenting |
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| Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide |
|
| Twins |
genetics |
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| SUPPLEMENTARY MESH |
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| GENE SYMBOLS |
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| CHEMICALS |
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| OTHER ID's |
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