Genetic Epidemiology, Translational Neurogenomics, Psychiatric Genetics and Statistical Genetics Laboratories investigate the pattern of disease in families, particularly identical and non-identical twins, to assess the relative importance of genes and environment in a variety of important health problems.
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27225129
TITLE
Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment.
ABSTRACT
Educational attainment is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for educational attainment that extends our earlier discovery sample of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication study in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with the number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioural phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because educational attainment is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric diseases.
DATE PUBLISHED
2016 05 26
HISTORY
PUBSTATUS PUBSTATUSDATE
received 2015/06/24
accepted 2016/03/16
entrez 2016/05/27 06:00
pubmed 2016/05/27 06:00
medline 2016/06/22 06:00
AUTHORS
NAME COLLECTIVENAME LASTNAME FORENAME INITIALS AFFILIATION AFFILIATIONINFO
Okbay A Okbay Aysu A Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
Beauchamp JP Beauchamp Jonathan P JP Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
Fontana MA Fontana Mark Alan MA Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-3332, USA.
Lee JJ Lee James J JJ Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
Pers TH Pers Tune H TH Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark.
Rietveld CA Rietveld Cornelius A CA Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
Turley P Turley Patrick P Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
Chen GB Chen Guo-Bo GB Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
Emilsson V Emilsson Valur V Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík 107, Iceland.
Meddens SF Meddens S Fleur W SF Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands.
Oskarsson S Oskarsson Sven S Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden.
Pickrell JK Pickrell Joseph K JK New York Genome Center, New York, New York 10013, USA.
Thom K Thom Kevin K Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA.
Timshel P Timshel Pascal P Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
de Vlaming R de Vlaming Ronald R Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
Abdellaoui A Abdellaoui Abdel A Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
Ahluwalia TS Ahluwalia Tarunveer S TS Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte 2820, Denmark.
Bacelis J Bacelis Jonas J Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg 416 85, Sweden.
Baumbach C Baumbach Clemens C Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
Bjornsdottir G Bjornsdottir Gyda G deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
Brandsma JH Brandsma Johannes H JH Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
Pina Concas M Pina Concas Maria M Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy.
Derringer J Derringer Jaime J Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA.
Furlotte NA Furlotte Nicholas A NA 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California 94041, USA.
Galesloot TE Galesloot Tessel E TE Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
Girotto G Girotto Giorgia G Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy.
Gupta R Gupta Richa R Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Hall LM Hall Leanne M LM NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.
Harris SE Harris Sarah E SE Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
Hofer E Hofer Edith E Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
Horikoshi M Horikoshi Momoko M Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
Huffman JE Huffman Jennifer E JE MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
Kaasik K Kaasik Kadri K Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Kalafati IP Kalafati Ioanna P IP Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece.
Karlsson R Karlsson Robert R Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
Kong A Kong Augustine A deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
Lahti J Lahti Jari J Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland.
van der Lee SJ van der Lee Sven J SJ Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
deLeeuw C deLeeuw Christiaan C Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6525 EC, The Netherlands.
Lind PA Lind Penelope A PA Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
Lindgren KO Lindgren Karl-Oskar KO Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden.
Liu T Liu Tian T Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin 14195, Germany.
Mangino M Mangino Massimo M NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK.
Marten J Marten Jonathan J MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
Mihailov E Mihailov Evelin E Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
Miller MB Miller Michael B MB Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
van der Most PJ van der Most Peter J PJ Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
Oldmeadow C Oldmeadow Christopher C Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia.
Payton A Payton Antony A Human Communication and Deafness, School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
Pervjakova N Pervjakova Natalia N Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
Peyrot WJ Peyrot Wouter J WJ Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands.
Qian Y Qian Yong Y Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
Raitakari O Raitakari Olli O Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland.
Rueedi R Rueedi Rico R Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
Salvi E Salvi Erika E Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano 20142, Italy.
Schmidt B Schmidt Börge B Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany.
Schraut KE Schraut Katharina E KE Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
Shi J Shi Jianxin J Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9780, USA.
Smith AV Smith Albert V AV Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
Poot RA Poot Raymond A RA Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
St Pourcain B St Pourcain Beate B School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK.
Teumer A Teumer Alexander A Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
Thorleifsson G Thorleifsson Gudmar G deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
Verweij N Verweij Niek N Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
Vuckovic D Vuckovic Dragana D Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy.
Wellmann J Wellmann Juergen J Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany.
Westra HJ Westra Harm-Jan HJ Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
Yang J Yang Jingyun J Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
Zhao W Zhao Wei W Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
Zhu Z Zhu Zhihong Z Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
Alizadeh BZ Alizadeh Behrooz Z BZ Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands.
Amin N Amin Najaf N Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
Bakshi A Bakshi Andrew A Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
Baumeister SE Baumeister Sebastian E SE Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg D-93053, Germany.
Biino G Biino Ginevra G Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia 27100, Italy.
Bønnelykke K Bønnelykke Klaus K COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark.
Boyle PA Boyle Patricia A PA Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
Campbell H Campbell Harry H Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
Cappuccio FP Cappuccio Francesco P FP Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
Davies G Davies Gail G Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
De Neve JE De Neve Jan-Emmanuel JE Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 1HP, UK.
Deloukas P Deloukas Panos P Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Demuth I Demuth Ilja I Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany.
Ding J Ding Jun J Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
Eibich P Eibich Peter P Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.
Eisele L Eisele Lewin L Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany.
Eklund N Eklund Niina N Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
Evans DM Evans David M DM The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
Faul JD Faul Jessica D JD Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
Feitosa MF Feitosa Mary F MF Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA.
Forstner AJ Forstner Andreas J AJ Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany.
Gandin I Gandin Ilaria I Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy.
Gunnarsson B Gunnarsson Bjarni B deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
Halldórsson BV Halldórsson Bjarni V BV Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
Harris TB Harris Tamara B TB Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA.
Heath AC Heath Andrew C AC Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
Hocking LJ Hocking Lynne J LJ Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
Holliday EG Holliday Elizabeth G EG Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia.
Homuth G Homuth Georg G Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
Horan MA Horan Michael A MA Manchester Medical School, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
Hottenga JJ Hottenga Jouke-Jan JJ Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
de Jager PL de Jager Philip L PL Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
Joshi PK Joshi Peter K PK Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
Jugessur A Jugessur Astanand A Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
Kaakinen MA Kaakinen Marika A MA Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
Kähönen M Kähönen Mika M Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
Kanoni S Kanoni Stavroula S William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
Keltigangas-Järvinen L Keltigangas-Järvinen Liisa L Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Kiemeney LA Kiemeney Lambertus A L M LA Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
Kolcic I Kolcic Ivana I Public Health, Medical School, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.
Koskinen S Koskinen Seppo S Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
Kraja AT Kraja Aldi T AT Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA.
Kroh M Kroh Martin M German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.
Kutalik Z Kutalik Zoltan Z Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1010, Switzerland.
Latvala A Latvala Antti A Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Launer LJ Launer Lenore J LJ Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA.
Lebreton MP Lebreton Maël P MP Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 XA, The Netherlands.
Levinson DF Levinson Douglas F DF Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5797, USA.
Lichtenstein P Lichtenstein Paul P Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
Lichtner P Lichtner Peter P Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
Liewald DC Liewald David C M DC Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
LifeLines Cohort Study
Loukola A Loukola Anu A Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Madden PA Madden Pamela A PA Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
Mägi R Mägi Reedik R Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
Mäki-Opas T Mäki-Opas Tomi T Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
Marioni RE Marioni Riccardo E RE Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
Marques-Vidal P Marques-Vidal Pedro P Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
Meddens GA Meddens Gerardus A GA Tema BV, Hoofddorp, 2131 HE, The Netherlands.
McMahon G McMahon George G MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
Meisinger C Meisinger Christa C Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
Meitinger T Meitinger Thomas T Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
Milaneschi Y Milaneschi Yusplitri Y Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands.
Milani L Milani Lili L Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
Montgomery GW Montgomery Grant W GW Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
Myhre R Myhre Ronny R Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
Nelson CP Nelson Christopher P CP NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.
Nyholt DR Nyholt Dale R DR Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland Institute of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia.
Ollier WE Ollier William E R WE Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
Palotie A Palotie Aarno A Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
Paternoster L Paternoster Lavinia L MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
Pedersen NL Pedersen Nancy L NL Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
Petrovic KE Petrovic Katja E KE Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
Porteous DJ Porteous David J DJ Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
Räikkönen K Räikkönen Katri K Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland.
Ring SM Ring Susan M SM MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
Robino A Robino Antonietta A Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy.
Rostapshova O Rostapshova Olga O Social Impact, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA.
Rudan I Rudan Igor I Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
Rustichini A Rustichini Aldo A Department of Economics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
Salomaa V Salomaa Veikko V Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
Sanders AR Sanders Alan R AR Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
Sarin AP Sarin Antti-Pekka AP Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
Schmidt H Schmidt Helena H Research Unit for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, General Hospital and Medical University, Graz, Graz 8010, Austria.
Scott RJ Scott Rodney J RJ Information Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia.
Smith BH Smith Blair H BH Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
Smith JA Smith Jennifer A JA Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
Staessen JA Staessen Jan A JA R&D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 EV, The Netherlands.
Steinhagen-Thiessen E Steinhagen-Thiessen Elisabeth E The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin 13347, Germany.
Strauch K Strauch Konstantin K Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität, Munich 81377, Germany.
Terracciano A Terracciano Antonio A Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA.
Tobin MD Tobin Martin D MD Department of Health Sciences and Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
Ulivi S Ulivi Sheila S Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy.
Vaccargiu S Vaccargiu Simona S Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy.
Quaye L Quaye Lydia L Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
van Rooij FJ van Rooij Frank J A FJ Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
Venturini C Venturini Cristina C NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK.
Vinkhuyzen AA Vinkhuyzen Anna A E AA Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
Völker U Völker Uwe U Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
Völzke H Völzke Henry H Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
Vonk JM Vonk Judith M JM Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
Vozzi D Vozzi Diego D Social Impact, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA.
Waage J Waage Johannes J Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte 2820, Denmark.
Ware EB Ware Erin B EB Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, USA.
Willemsen G Willemsen Gonneke G Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
Attia JR Attia John R JR Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia.
Bennett DA Bennett David A DA Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
Berger K Berger Klaus K Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
Bertram L Bertram Lars L Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
Bisgaard H Bisgaard Hans H COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark.
Boomsma DI Boomsma Dorret I DI Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
Borecki IB Borecki Ingrid B IB Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA.
Bültmann U Bültmann Ute U Department of Health Sciences, Community &Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
Chabris CF Chabris Christopher F CF Department of Psychology, Union College, Schenectady, New York 12308, USA.
Cucca F Cucca Francesco F Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari 9042, Italy.
Cusi D Cusi Daniele D Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Segrate (Milano) 20090, Italy.
Deary IJ Deary Ian J IJ Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
Dedoussis GV Dedoussis George V GV Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece.
van Duijn CM van Duijn Cornelia M CM Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
Eriksson JG Eriksson Johan G JG Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Franke B Franke Barbara B Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
Franke L Franke Lude L Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
Gasparini P Gasparini Paolo P Sidra, Experimental Genetics Division, Sidra, Doha 26999, Qatar.
Gejman PV Gejman Pablo V PV Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
Gieger C Gieger Christian C Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
Grabe HJ Grabe Hans-Jörgen HJ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS-Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund 18437, Germany.
Gratten J Gratten Jacob J Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
Groenen PJ Groenen Patrick J F PJ Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
Gudnason V Gudnason Vilmundur V Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
van der Harst P van der Harst Pim P Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
Hayward C Hayward Caroline C Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
Hinds DA Hinds David A DA 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California 94041, USA.
Hoffmann W Hoffmann Wolfgang W Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
Hyppönen E Hyppönen Elina E Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
Iacono WG Iacono William G WG Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
Jacobsson B Jacobsson Bo B Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
Järvelin MR Järvelin Marjo-Riitta MR Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
Jöckel KH Jöckel Karl-Heinz KH Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany.
Kaprio J Kaprio Jaakko J Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
Kardia SL Kardia Sharon L R SL Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
Lehtimäki T Lehtimäki Terho T Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
Lehrer SF Lehrer Steven F SF Policy Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
Magnusson PK Magnusson Patrik K E PK Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
Martin NG Martin Nicholas G NG Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
McGue M McGue Matt M Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
Metspalu A Metspalu Andres A Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
Pendleton N Pendleton Neil N Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research in Ageing, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
Penninx BW Penninx Brenda W J H BW Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands.
Perola M Perola Markus M Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
Pirastu N Pirastu Nicola N Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy.
Pirastu M Pirastu Mario M Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy.
Polasek O Polasek Ozren O Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia.
Posthuma D Posthuma Danielle D Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
Power C Power Christine C Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
Province MA Province Michael A MA Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA.
Samani NJ Samani Nilesh J NJ NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.
Schlessinger D Schlessinger David D Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
Schmidt R Schmidt Reinhold R Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
Sørensen TI Sørensen Thorkild I A TI Institute of Preventive Medicine. Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg 2000, Denmark.
Spector TD Spector Tim D TD Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
Stefansson K Stefansson Kari K Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
Thorsteinsdottir U Thorsteinsdottir Unnur U Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
Thurik AR Thurik A Roy AR Panteia, Zoetermeer, 2715 CA, The Netherlands.
Timpson NJ Timpson Nicholas J NJ MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
Tiemeier H Tiemeier Henning H Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
Tung JY Tung Joyce Y JY 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California 94041, USA.
Uitterlinden AG Uitterlinden André G AG Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
Vitart V Vitart Veronique V MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
Vollenweider P Vollenweider Peter P Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
Weir DR Weir David R DR Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
Wilson JF Wilson James F JF Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
Wright AF Wright Alan F AF MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
Conley DC Conley Dalton C DC School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA.
Krueger RF Krueger Robert F RF Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
Davey Smith G Davey Smith George G MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
Hofman A Hofman Albert A Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
Laibson DI Laibson David I DI Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
Medland SE Medland Sarah E SE Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
Meyer MN Meyer Michelle N MN Bioethics Program, Union Graduate College - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Schenectady, New York 12308, USA.
Yang J Yang Jian J The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
Johannesson M Johannesson Magnus M Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm 113 83, Sweden.
Visscher PM Visscher Peter M PM The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
Esko T Esko Tõnu T Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
Koellinger PD Koellinger Philipp D PD Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands.
Cesarini D Cesarini David D Research Institute for Industrial Economics, Stockholm 10215, Sweden.
Benjamin DJ Benjamin Daniel J DJ Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-3332, USA.
INVESTIGATORS
LASTNAME FORENAME INITIALS AFFILIATION
Alizadeh Behrooz Z BZ
de Boer Rudolf A RA
Boezen H Marike HM
Bruinenberg Marcel M
Franke Lude L
van der Harst Pim P
Hillege Hans L HL
van der Klauw Melanie M MM
Navis Gerjan G
Ormel Johan J
Postma Dirkje S DS
Rosmalen Judith G M JG
Slaets Joris P JP
Snieder Harold H
Stolk Ronald P RP
Wolffenbuttel Bruce H R BH
Wijmenga Cisca C
JOURNAL
VOLUME: 533
ISSUE: 7604
TITLE: Nature
ISOABBREVIATION: Nature
YEAR: 2016
MONTH: 05
DAY: 26
MEDLINEDATE:
SEASON:
CITEDMEDIUM: Internet
ISSN: 1476-4687
ISSNTYPE: Electronic
MEDLINE JOURNAL
MEDLINETA: Nature
COUNTRY: England
ISSNLINKING: 0028-0836
NLMUNIQUEID: 0410462
PUBLICATION TYPE
PUBLICATIONTYPE TEXT
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
COMMENTS AND CORRECTIONS
REFTYPE REFSOURCE REFPMID NOTE
CommentIn Front Mol Neurosci. 2017 Jan 31;10 :23 28197077
GRANTS
GRANTID AGENCY COUNTRY
R01 DA036216 NIDA NIH HHS United States
RF1 AG015819 NIA NIH HHS United States
U01 AG009740 NIA NIH HHS United States
MC_UU_12013/3 Medical Research Council United Kingdom
MC_QA137853 Medical Research Council United Kingdom
R01 AG017917 NIA NIH HHS United States
MR/J012165/1 Medical Research Council United Kingdom
MR/K026992/1 Medical Research Council United Kingdom
P2C HD047879 NICHD NIH HHS United States
P30 AG010161 NIA NIH HHS United States
MC_UU_12013/1 Medical Research Council United Kingdom
MC_UU_12013/4 Medical Research Council United Kingdom
CZD/16/6/4 Chief Scientist Office United Kingdom
MC_PC_U127561128 Medical Research Council United Kingdom
T32-AG000186-23 NIA NIH HHS United States
P01-AG005842 NIA NIH HHS United States
R01-AG042568 NIA NIH HHS United States
P30-AG012810 NIA NIH HHS United States
P01 AG005842 NIA NIH HHS United States
R37 DA005147 NIDA NIH HHS United States
P30 AG012810 NIA NIH HHS United States
R01 AG042568 NIA NIH HHS United States
T32 AG000186 NIA NIH HHS United States
BB/F022441/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council United Kingdom
P01-AG005842-20S2 NIA NIH HHS United States
647648 European Research Council International
GENERAL NOTE
KEYWORDS
MESH HEADINGS
DESCRIPTORNAME QUALIFIERNAME
Alzheimer Disease genetics
Bipolar Disorder genetics
Brain metabolism
Cognition metabolism
Computational Biology metabolism
Educational Status metabolism
Fetus metabolism
Gene Expression Regulation genetics
Gene-Environment Interaction genetics
Genome-Wide Association Study genetics
Humans genetics
Molecular Sequence Annotation genetics
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide genetics
Schizophrenia genetics
United Kingdom genetics
SUPPLEMENTARY MESH
GENE SYMBOLS
CHEMICALS
OTHER ID's
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